Tag Archives: female boxing

Publicly speaking about women’s boxing and women’s sports!

Publicly speaking about women’s boxing and women’s sports!

I’m heading into the second day of a student conference at Empire State College. Aside from my jitters at presenting my own paper on the rituals of the boxing ring yesterday (that went well, I’m happy to report), I heard a paper raising the preverbal chicken and egg question about women’s sports.

Is it the media that downplays women’s sports to the point of invisibility or is it society that dictates to the media about our lack of interest.

The speaker did not present a point of view, per se, but did report on the pervasiveness of the practice and pointed out that where women’s sports are reported on — they seemed of the “acceptable” variety such as tennis and figure skating.  I in no way want to to denigrate the amazing athletes who dedicate so much of their lives to those sports — but even in tennis and figure skating, there are issues that get raised in terms of who earns the big bucks and who doesn’t and why (paging race and class anyone?), not to mention the pervasiveness of “cheesecake” images and ad infinitum discussions of what these athletes wear.

I mean really, when speaking of Andre Agassi, do we ask about his outfit??  But we certainly do when it come to Maria Sharapova or Serena Williams.

Given the enthusiasm of the women’s sporting events that I’ve attended both professional and amateur, and given the number of bottoms in the seats, I’ve got to believe that at the very least the costs for putting on those events are covered plus a few dollars for the promoters, so what gives?  And when it comes to Women’s Boxing why is it that we can barely even see a fight, never mind clamor for recognition!

The kicker is, we know that we can see women’s boxing as a televised and supported sport by both the fans and the media — if we live in Mexico or Argentina!

The question is WHY NOT HERE IN THE U.S.??

What is it about women’s sports — and women’s boxing in particular?  I could opine about a lot of things regarding women’s invisibility, but frankly, I just don’t get it.

It is truly time for a change.

Oh, and in case you haven’t seen a women’s bout in a while here’s the WBA Female Flyweight Championship fight with Yesica Bopp (17-7-0, 7-KO’s) vs. Daniella Berbudez (5-1-2) televised in, you guessed it, Argentina on 9/24/11.

PS – A HUGE shout out to the BoxFem channel on YouTube who graciously uploads these bouts!

America’s boxing women “got games”!

America’s boxing women “got games”!

First off, the 2011 National PAL results are as follows with three more women added to the roster of female boxers eligible for the first ever women’s Olympic Trials this coming February.  Girlboxing sends a huge shout-out to these incredible athletes — even as we extend our thoughts and prayers to Ishika Lay and her family.

Female
106 lbs: Amy Sowers dec. Colleen Loo, 28-12
112 lbs: Tyrieshia Douglas dec. Virginia Fuchs, 22-12 (Olympic Weight)
119 lbs: Amanda Pavone dec. Araceli Tinoco, 19-14
125 lbs: Shane Ruelas dec. Kristie Simmons, 21-18
132 lbs: N’yteeyah Sherman dec. Patricia Manuel, 21-20 (Olympic Weight)
165 lbs: Claressa Shields dec. Andrecia Wasson, 31-13 (Olympic Weight)
178 lbs: Tyler Lord Wilder stopped Charnita Johnson, RSC-3
In a season of firsts, the Women’s USA Boxing Team who have qualified to participate in the Pan American Games are already hard at work at the Pan American Games Training Camp in Houston, Texas.  The training camp will run through October 14th, ahead of the start of this year’s Pan Am Games in Guadalajara, Mexico beginning on October 17th!
Christina Cruz, New York, NY  (112 Weight Class)
Queen Underwood, Seattle, WA (132 Weight Class)
Franchon Crews, Baltimore, MD (165 Weight Class)

Women Boxing in a Bookstore?!?

Women Boxing in a Bookstore?!?

It seems that historically, women who had the skills and desire to box were consigned to all manner of places in order to ply their skills.  Last month’s Bookstore Boxing event at BookCourt in Brooklyn was in the grand tradition of those earlier exhibitions.

The twist is that the event included author’s Mischa Merz (“The Sweetest Thing”) and Binnie Klein (“Blows to the Head”) reading excerpts from their books.  The main event featured the incredible boxing prowess of reigning WBC Super Bantamweight Champion Alicia Ashley and 2008 New York Daily News Golden Gloves Champion Camille Currie.

The event also provided some insightful commentary on the challenges facing women who choose to enter the sport professionally — decidedly as a labor of love.

Women’s Boxing at Roseland Dance Hall, NYC, 1920’s or 1930’s

The Boxing Gordon Sisters at Edison Studios, May 6, 1901

Popeye Cartoon, “Never Kick a Woman” (Sporting Goods Store Window), 1930’s

Grabbing opportunities …

Grabbing opportunities …

Moore Sisters

I missed my opportunity to go to the gym yesterday.  Mostly because I’ve so little time it was hard to squeeze it in even though I was actually off from work.

On those sorts of days I’m reminded of how even a few minutes of bathroom mirror sparring or my personal favorite, hook the shower curtain keeps boxing as a focal point of the brain and becomes my opportunity.

This puts me in mind to something my daughter just said to me.  “I wish I could go to Steve Jobs funeral. At least I could say that I met him.  He really changed my life.”  Out of the mouth of babes …

Sometimes in the extraordinary we find opportunities for epiphanies that are life altering.  It means taking the risks mindless of the fact that we may not have a net to catch us.  That is certainly a truism of boxing.  We leap as part of a practiced effort of skill and heart.  Sometimes that leap places us in an impossible situation — much as Ishika Lay now lies in a coma in a Toledo, Ohio hospital, it should not, however, negate the choice.

For others of us, it means running a marathon and having a baby as happened yesterday in the Chicago marathon. So much for the idea that women are in a “delicate condition” when they’re “with child” — the kind of stuff women in my generation and older were raised on.

I’m not saying be extraordinary every day — but I guess I am saying follow your heart.  There’s nothing wrong with putting yourself out there.  It’ll add depth and momentum to your life and maybe even put a smile on an 11-year-old face at 6:45 in the morning.

Not exactly on point — but in the “grab the gusto” department, a twitter friend @mjon3105 sent me a link to a film from around 1910 showing two different scenes of a woman boxing. So … yes, the newsreel footage was billed as “Amazon” woman boxing … but, heck, she was boxing! The link is below:

(AMAZONS OF YESTERDAY) – British Pathe.

Women’s Boxing: Weekend Championship Results, 10/7-10/8

Women’s Boxing: Weekend Championship Results, 10/7-10/8

Ana Maria Torres Retains WBC Super Flyweight Title against Marisa Portillo!

Ana Maria Torres, 10th Successful Title Defense, Photo Credit: HG Boxing

Boxing sensation and Mexico’s own Ana Maria Torres (27-3-3, 15 KO’s) made a successful title defense against the Argentinian challenger Marisa Johanna Portillo (10-4-2) at Las Cabos in Baja California, Mexico by unanimous decision. The judges scored the obviously lopsided battle 100-89 across all three score cards. American referee David Mendoza took a point from Portillo for excessive holding in the sixth round which explains the judges final scoring in the 10 round bout.

Round Nine action includes the following:

 

 

Yesica Marcos, New Interim WBO Super Bantamweight Champion wins by TKO! 

Yesica Marcos, Interim WBO Super Bantamweight, Photo Credit: Gentileza Diario Uno

Argentina’s own Yesica Marco (18-0-1, 6 KO’s) the current interim WBA Super Bantamweight Title holder fought an impressive five rounds before her Brazilian challenger Simone Da Silva Duarte (10-1-0) threw in the towel for the TKO to become the interim WBO Super Bantamweight Title holder. Marco and Duarte had last met on April 9, 2010, when Marco gained the interim WBA title by unanimous decision after ten hard-fought rounds of boxing. This is Marco’s third successful defense of her interim WBA title. This was also Marco’s first fight in nearly six months having sustained a serious injury to her right shoulder.

The full fight is below (starts around 12:00 minutes in, though the pomp and circumstance is well worth it.  BTW, check out the packed stadium!).

 

Irma Sanchez Retains WBF Flyweight Title!

Irma Sanchez (L) and Susana Cruz, Photo Credit: HG Boxing

In  a well-fought, surprisingly well-matched, title match, the Women’s WBF Flyweight Champion, Irma “La Guerita” Sanchez (21-5-1, 6 KO’s) was able to retain the championship with a unanimous decision against challenger Susana Cruz Perez (5-3, 2 KO’s).  The contest took place in Los Cabos, Mexico and was promoted by Hector Garcia’s HG Boxing.  As with many of the higher caliber women’s bouts in Mexico, it was a headlining bout televised to a wide audience on the Televisa network.

The judges decision was 97-93, 96-94 and 100-90 in the champion’s favor.  For more information on the bout, check out Saddoboxing.com.

 

 

Girlboxing on the Radio!

>>>Update>>>

Here’s a link to the audio on YouTube! 

Girlboxing on the Radio!

Girlboxing will be a guest on the Sports & Courts radio program this morning running from 10:00 – 11:00 AM ET.   The show will be aired on 1010XL – Jax Sports Radio, part of the ESPN radio network.

Tune in if you can, we’ll be talking about the challenges facing Women’s Boxing in the run up to the debut of the sport at the 2012 Summer Olympic Games in London. We’ll also be discussing boxer Ishika Lay’s recent collapse at the 2011 PAL Championships in Toledo, Ohio.  Ishika remains in critical condition — and we’ll be hearing an update on her condition as well as talking about the challenges of keeping safe in the ring.

The link is here:  1010XL Radio  (Once on the site, click on the Listen Live button on the Right side of the screen.)

Sports & Courts Radio Show is the brain child of John M. Phillips a Jacksonville, Florida based attorney with a keen interest in sports, boxing and advocacy for athletes.  His background includes groundbreaking work in the field of traumatic brain injuries.  Website links are here:  Facebook and Sports & Courts Website

Christy Martin on ESPN’s E:60 tonight!

Christy Martin on ESPN’s E:60 tonight!

Christy Martin will feature on ESPN’s E:60 tonight (10/5/11) at 8:00 PM.   The piece will trace her life, her boxing triumphs and the personal tragedies that led to her husband Jim Martin’s attempt to take her life.  Jim Martin was also interviewed for the piece.

If you can, do tune in!

All I can say is kudos to ESPN and CNN for putting these feature pieces on the air.  Now if only we can start seeing some televised bouts!

 

Women’s Boxing: Anne Sophie Mathis defeats Cindy Serrano.

Women’s Boxing: Anne Sophie Mathis defeats Cindy Serrano.

Anne Sophie Mathis (l) v. Cindy Serrano

Current WBF, WIBA and WIBF Women’s Welterweight title holder Anne Sophie Mathis (25-1, 21-KO’s) defeated Cindy “Checkmate” Serrano (15-4-1, 7 KO’s) with a commanding display of her considerable boxing skills on Saturday night in Yutz, France.  Reporters on the scene noted that Serrano was outclassed, but that her deep reserves of stamina and grit kept her in the game to the finish.  All three judges scored the ten-round bout 100-90.

Boxing Press quoted Mathis as saying, “it was very hot here tonight, but it was a good experience going the distance.  She was tough, and you can’t win by knockout every time.”

Anne Sophie Mathis is slated to fight Holy Holm (30-1-3, 9 KO’s) this coming December on Holly’s home turf in Albuquerque, New Mexico

Cindy Serrano’s younger sister Amanda “The Real Deal” Serrano (12-0-1,8-KO’s) recently grabbed the vacant IBF Super Featherweight title defeating contender Kimberly Conner.

A Bit of Women’s Boxing History.

A Bit of Women’s Boxing History.

Joann Hagen and Pat Emerick, 1950's

I’ve been writing about boxing most of the day in preparation for a presentation I’m giving on boxing at my college in October. I’m also finishing up the first chapter of my thesis entitled “Boundaries in Motion: Women’s Boxing.”

What I’m most intrigued by is the number of women who’ve been boxing throughout the centuries.  Like many disenfranchised groups, they have fought under the radar so to speak for a lot of the time, but have also had their exploits written about or interpreted as cultural representations in one form or another.  Here’s a smattering (note that references have been removed, however, if anyone is interested drop me an email):

Women's Boxing, 19th Century

Women fighters of this era beginning in 1876, included Nell Saunders who purportedly out fought Rose Harland in the first “official” female bout in the United States at Hill’s Theater in New York.  Other important fighters included Hattie Stewart, the first female world boxing champion, and Britain’s Polly Fairclough from a family of well-known boxers and wrestlers.  Polly was renowned for her prowess as both a boxer and a Greco-Roman wrestler, and holds the distinction of having been the first female to fight at London’s National Sporting Club (she fought against men), and purportedly put on an exhibition bout with Jack Johnson in Dublin.

In the modern context, there have been women professional boxers in and around professional boxing since the 1920’s in the United Kingdom, France and the United States.  During this period in Britain women’s participation in boxing was “characterized as disreputable and dangerous and self-contained in working-class venues.”  Prize fighting as an acceptable entertainment for women, however, was taking hold through such things as the advent of charity fights to aid the war effort during the first World War “under the auspices” of such societal luminaries as Anne Morgan, “the philanthropic sister of J. Pierpont Morgan.”   

Women's Boxing, 1920's

With attendance, came the notion of making the sport an avenue from crossing class barriers to the “carriage” trade.  In particular, to promote a Jack Dempsey bout, his manager “Tex Richard made special arrangements for women spectators,” calling it a “‘Jenny Wren’ section.”  Women also reported on boxing, most notably Katherine Fullerton Gerould who famously wrote about the Jack Dempsey versus Gene Tunney fight in 1926 for Harper’s.  Pockets of women’s boxing subcultures began to sprout up as well.  As noted by Kate Sekules in her book, “The Boxer’s Heart,” this included the Flint, Michigan “stenographer-pugilists” known as the “Busters Club.”  There was also a rise in popularity of boxing exercises in the United States and Europe during the interwar period and the emergence of “girls’ boxing troupes,”  that appeared on otherwise all male fight cards. (All Girl Bands also enjoyed some popularity at this time as popularized in the 1959 gender-bending film Some Like It Hot.) 

Barbara Buttrick (L)

In the late 1940’s and 1950’s Britain’s Barbara Buttrick, a 4’11” fighter with a powerful jab known as “The Mighty Atom,” took up the sport having read about the exploits of Polly Burns.  She found a trainer in London (whom she eventually married) and set out to have a career as a fighter mostly on vaudeville stages and other exhibition venues in England. After arriving in the United States in the 1950’s, however, Buttrick was able to push the sport by finding other women boxers who were going along the same path – and fighting men, one step ahead of the boxing commissioners who continued to keep the female sport underground. Still, she was able to draw large crowds and had the first televised female bout in 1954.  There were also a smattering of big crowd draws, along with a growing number of professional fighters who plied the canvas in the 1960’s and 1970’s to include such boxers as Sue “Tiger Lily” Ryan a true trailblazer for the sport of women’s boxing and such fighters as Caroline Svendsen, the first woman fighter to be licensed by the Nevada State Athletic Commission in 1975 and Pat Pindela, the first woman fighter to be licensed in California in 1976.


Women’s Boxing: Ana Julaton’s WBO Super Bantamweight title defense, tonight (9/30/11)!

>>>>UPDATE>>>>

Ana “The Hurricane” Julaton handily defeated Jessica Villafranca to retain her WBO Super bantamweight title last night.  Julaton won a unanimous decision with the judges scoring the ten-round bout, 98-91, 96-93, and 97-20.  Julaton sustained a small cut to her forehead froms an accidental head butt.  The fight, however, was able to continue.  

Women’s Boxing: Ana Julaton’s WBO Super Bantamweight title defense, tonight (9/30/11)!

Ana “The Hurricane” Julaton (9-2-1, 1-KO) has been training her heart out at the UNLV Boxing Gym in Las Vegas, Nevada in preparation for her WBO Women’s Super Bantamweight title defense against the 18-year old Mexican fighter, Jessica Villafranca (12-3-0, 6 KOs).   The bout will be contested at the Polifuncional in Kanasin, Yucatan, Mexico.

As with Kaliesha West before her, Ana Julaton, is bringing her exciting lightening fast boxing style, honed by Freddie Roach to Mexico, in what appears to be a the beginnings of a trend for elite women fighters from the United States.

As Girlboxing has written before, Villafranca lost her last bout to Kaliesha West in a tough ten-round slug fest in August.  With Villafranca’s fight against Julaton, however, she will be fighting at her natural super bantamweight, so that may well mean that she will fight better and stronger.

Whatever the outcome, Julaton’s decision to take her game to Mexico will hopefully mean more opportunity and exposure as the fight will not only be televised on Mexico’s GMA-7, but on Philippine television as well — plus it will likely be easy to find on streaming video.

For some further insights into Ana Julaton’s life in and out of the ring, Chris Robinson has a terrific interview in the Las Vegas Examiner that is well worth the read.  The link is here.

Women’s Boxing Olympic Fever!

Women’s Boxing Olympic Fever!

The last couple of weeks have been amazing for Women’s Boxing in the United States as mainstream media has begun to pick up on the fact that we’ll actually be fielding a strong women’s team next summer in London.

The momentum will keep building too with the last round of competition before the February 2012 Women’s Olympic Trials coming up next week in Toledo, Ohio at the 2011 National PAL Championships.

The last three slots in each of the Olympic weight classes (112 lbs, 132 lbs, and 155 lbs.) will be selected, and it’s where boxers such as Cleveland’s own Cashmere Jackson will be duking it out to gain the opportunity to pursue their dreams of Olympic Gold.

Meanwhile, the fever pitch continues as seen in this fabulous ESPN piece on New Yorker, Christina Cruz’s dreams of not only winning gold as a member of the first Women’s boxing team to represent the United States at the Pan Am Games, but in her pursuit of the podium at next summer’s Olympic Games

If you have done so already, also check out Soledad O’Brien’s wonderful piece on Marlen Esparza that continues on October 1st on CNN. It is truly inspirational.

Here is the link to the teaser:

http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/09/13/latina.boxer.esparza/index.html

Fighting the numbers.

Fighting the numbers.

I went “natural” on my hair color a couple of years ago.

It was a combination of really hating all those chemicals on my hair and scalp tinged with a bit of laziness (every four weeks is a drag) coupled with the alternative — monthly appointments with a colorist which are e-x-p-e-n-s-i-v-e, especially if you go for double-process (color plus highlights!)  Not to say that I was particularly bad with coloring my own hair — I did make it look pretty good with out the tell-tale home-brew color of really dark ends or the weirdest shade of red you’ve ever seen — but after a while, the silvery flecks got longer and longer at the roots until one day I just screamed enough at myself in the mirror.

To enhance my marker of aging, I do admit that I primp a lot in front of the mirror when it comes to getting the silvery white hairs to shimmer just so as a way of counteracting any perception that the crop of white hairs nudging out the chestnut browns is in any way a factor of tired-old-age.  What I did notice in my recent experiment with growing it longer, was that the shimmer wasn’t quite so shimmery and those white patches were beginning to look as if they were definitely gaining the upper hand — something I am not quite ready to embrace just yet.  So this week I went back to really short hair with lots of product to bring out the shine.

I bring all of this up because the white hair on my chestnut mane (what’s left of it) seems to be indicative of other changes as I make my way through the latter part of my 50’s. As an example, I applaud my recent loss of 12 pounds thanks to low-acid-diet living, but I still have some serious kilos to go if I’m to become youthfully svelte again. And yes, I can actually run a mile and keep going — albeit slow and steady to save my creaky, crackley knees — even with months of fairly vigorous workouts at Gleason’s I still start to crash somewhere in the middle rounds before finding my way back to renewed stamina and energy. This last is interesting because I used to be able to get into condition much faster and easier.

If there’s a cautionary tale at all in this for my younger friends out there — it is to consider keeping fairly steady with diet and exercise over the whole of your life, and as for my compatriots of a certain age, keep at it! Whether we like it or not things do change, all we can do it mitigate what we can with things like eating healthy foods, keeping our bodies lithe and strong through regular exercise and strengthening, keeping ahead of ailments large and small, and perhaps most importantly, keeping ourselves feeling great with whatever it is that gives us that extra bit of shimmer.

Wordless Wednesday – 9/14/2011

Wordless Wednesday – 9/14/2011

Mischa and Kristina, Gleason's Gym, September 10, 2011

Wordless Wednesday is a group of bloggers who give words a rest once a week.

Boxing and me …

Boxing and me …

I’m at the official start of writing my thesis today.  It is the culmination of my course of studies towards a Master’s Degree in Liberal Studies.  I bring it up because my thesis topic is Boundaries in motion: Women’s Boxing.  The study will  take a look at how women’s boxing is changing notions of the meaning of being “female” or in other words, what women are and what they are capable of.

Having been born in the mid-1950’s in the era of girls wearing dresses all the time — and I mean all the time — the idea of athleticism, muscles and so on were a seeming anathema. To the extent that there were “Lady” athletes that were at all visible to my young eyes, they seemed to only be slim-hipped tennis players, figure skaters, skiers and gymnasts — and while there were women’s roller derby, softball and bowling leagues, those sports were barely a blip on my consciousness.

Muscle-bound women were certainly viewed as something other — and in remembering back to my early childhood years on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, organized sport itself was entirely non-existent except for boy’s basketball and boxing at the local Boy’s Club on Avenue A and 10th Street.  The sports I played, such as they were consisted of punchball (with a spaulding ball or a pinkie), Newcomb (with a giant red playground ball), King (or Chinese handball), bottle caps, stoop ball (a pinkie bounced off a stoop, with a “base” counted for each bounce before the ball was caught), playing catch, riding a bike, roller skating (with metal skates attached to my sneakers) and general chase games.

The fact was, these weren’t even considered sports. These were things we just did either during recess (punchball and Newcomb and chase games) or as general play on the block.  My only experience of “organized” sports was at camp, and having gone to a “leftie” summer camp, our idea of sports was groaning through hot afternoons on the sports field playing pathetic versions of baseball (and fighting off the gnats), with some passable basketball thrown in, albeit mostly among the boys.

Getting back on topic, as a young girl, I loved boxing, but had no clue that it was ever something that I could actually do. I didn’t get to watch the sport much, so as a substitute, my brother and I watched professional wrestling with the likes of Bruno Sammartino and Gorgeous George.

By the mid-1960’s I was a confirmed boxing fan of Mohammad Ali and remember names likes Floyd Patterson and Sonny Liston as icons to be venerated though I never actually saw them fight until much later.  I just liked the idea of them and learned names from the snippets of conversation between men and boys on my block.

Fast forwarding to what seems like a million years later, it took me until 1996 to actually walk into a boxing gym. Having done so, and like many men and women before me, I fell in love with boxing almost to the point of tears at just thinking about it. In those early forays, I used to keep a log of punch counts (so many punch combinations x so many repetitions per round) and would get all sorts of heart fluttery every time I got near the gym.

More to the point, it began to change how I felt about myself.  I was 42 then — and in decent enough shape for someone who’d never been athletic except for stints of hour-long runs a few years before.  Beyond the improvements in physical conditioning, it felt great to feel my own power, something I’d spent a lifetime denying.  The most liberating sensation, however, was the physical act of hitting — and I mean really hitting with all the force and torque of my body. That was something I’d been denied all my life — the freedom to let things go with an explosive pop accompanied by a guttural grunt of release.

That certainly wasn’t in the manual of things girls could do when I was growing up and how extraordinary that I was 42 years old before I was even aware of having missed out.

Female boxers in Afghanistan, Credit: Molly Hennessy-Fiske, Los Angeles Times

In thinking about my own experience, it occurred to me that other women, younger or older, athletes or non-athletes, may also undergo transformative experiences as they box.  Those experiences have multiplied times all of the women who participate in the sport whether as professionals, amateurs or recreational boxers like myself.   Somewhere buried inside of those experiences are the transformations that affect how everyone sees and thinks of women who box and whether those interpretations are positive or negative, the changes that women make for themselves are here to stay.

Maybe that’s why I smile so much every time I read about the Afghanistan Women’s Boxing Team.

Amanda Serrano takes the IBF Super Featherweight Title!

Amanda Serrano takes the IBF Super Featherweight Title!

Brooklyn’s own unbeaten NABF Featherweight Champion Amanda “The Real Deal” Serrano has added to her string of victories by winning the vacant IBF Super Featherweight championship title with her second round TKO of Kimberly Conner  last night at Aviator Sports Complex in an event promoted by Boxing 360.

With this win the impressive 23-year old fighter improves her record to 12-0-1 with 8-KOs.

Cindy Serrano, Photo: Chris Lopez

Serrano has also joined her talented her older sister, Cindy “Checkmate” Serrano (15-3-2, 7-KOs) in bringing home championship belts, and will be cheering her on when Cindy fights Anne Sophie Mathis (24-1, 21-KO’s) this coming October 1st in France for the WIBA, WIBF and WBF welterweight championships.

Both sister train and spar together and wouldn’t be surprised if they faced each other in a professional bout somewhere in the future.